Trigonometric Equation using Formula

We will learn how to solve trigonometric equation using formula.

Here we will use the following formulas to get the solution of the trigonometric equations.

(a) If sin θ = 0 then θ = nπ, where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

(b) If cos θ = 0 then θ = (2n + 1) \(\frac{π}{2}\), where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

(c) If cos θ = cos ∝ then θ = 2nπ ± ∝, where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

(d) If sin θ = sin ∝ then θ = n π + (-1) \(^{n}\) ∝, where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

(e) If a cos θ + b sin θ = c then θ  = 2nπ + ∝ ±  β, where cos β = \(\frac{c}{\sqrt{a^{2}  +  b^{2}}}\), cos ∝ = \(\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^{2}  +  b^{2}}}\) and sin ∝ = \(\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^{2}  +  b^{2}}}\), where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

1. Solve tan x + sec x = √3. Also find values of x between 0° and 360°.

Solution:

tan x + sec x = √3

⇒ \(\frac{sin x}{cos x}\) + \(\frac{1}{cos x}\) = √3, where cos x ≠ 0

⇒ sin x + 1 = √3 cos x

⇒ √3 cos x - sin x = 1,

This trigonometric equation is of the form a cos θ + b sin θ = c where a = √3, b = -1 and c = 1.

⇒ Now dividing both sides by \(\sqrt{(\sqrt{3})^{2} + (1)^{2}}\)

⇒ \(\frac{√3}{2}\) cos x - \(\frac{1}{2}\)sin x = \(\frac{1}{2}\)

⇒ cos x cos \(\frac{π}{4}\) – sin x sin \(\frac{π}{6}\) = cos \(\frac{π}{3}\)

⇒ cos (x + \(\frac{π}{6}\)) = cos \(\frac{π}{3}\)

⇒ x + \(\frac{π}{6}\) = 2nπ ± \(\frac{π}{3}\), where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

⇒ x = 2nπ ± \(\frac{π}{3}\) - \(\frac{π}{6}\), where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

When we take minus sign with \(\frac{π}{3}\), we get

x = 2nπ - \(\frac{π}{3}\) - \(\frac{π}{6}\)

⇒ x = 2nπ - \(\frac{π}{2}\), so that cos x = cos (2nπ - \(\frac{π}{2}\)) = cos \(\frac{π}{2}\) = 0, which spoils the assumption cos x  ≠ 0 (otherwise the given equation would be meaningless).

So, x = 2nπ + \(\frac{π}{3}\) - \(\frac{π}{6}\), where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

⇒ x = 2nπ + \(\frac{π}{6}\), where, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ……. is the general

solution of the given equation tan x + sec x = √3.

The only solution between 0° and 360° is x = \(\frac{π}{6}\) = 30°

2. Find the general solutions of θ which satisfy the equation sec θ = - √2

Solution:   

sec θ = -  √2

⇒ cos θ = - \(\frac{1}{√2}\)

⇒ cos θ = - cos \(\frac{π}{4}\)

⇒ cos θ = cos (π - \(\frac{π}{4}\))

⇒ cos θ = cos \(\frac{3π}{4}\)

⇒ θ = 2nπ ± \(\frac{3π}{4}\), where, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

Therefore, the general solutions of θ which satisfy the equation sec θ = - √2 is θ = 2nπ ± \(\frac{3π}{4}\), where, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

3. Solve the equation 2 cos\(^{2}\) x + 3 sin x = 0

Solution:

2 cos\(^{2}\) x + 3 sin x = 0

⇒ 2(1 - sin\(^{2}\) x) + 3 sin x = 0

⇒ 2 – 2 sin\(^{2}\) x + 3 sin x = 0

⇒ 2 sin\(^{2}\) x – 3 sin x – 2 = 0

⇒ 2 sin\(^{2}\) x - 4 sin x + sin x – 2 = 0

⇒ 2 sin x(sin x - 2) + 1(sin – 2) = 0

⇒ (sin x - 2)(2 sin x + 1) = 0

⇒ Either sin x - 2 =0 or 2 sin x + 1 = 0

But sin x – 2 = 0 i.e., sin x = 2, which is not possible.

Now form 2 sin x + 1 = 0 we get

⇒ sin x = -½ 

⇒ sin x =- sin \(\frac{π}{6}\)

⇒ sin x = sin (π + \(\frac{π}{6}\))

⇒ sin x = sin \(\frac{7π}{6}\)

⇒ x = nπ + (1)\(^{n}\)\(\frac{7π}{6}\), where, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

Therefore, the solution for the equation 2 cos\(^{2}\) x + 3 sin x = 0 is x = nπ + (1)\(^{n}\)\(\frac{7π}{6}\), where, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, …….

Note: In the above trig equation we observe that there is more than one trigonometric function. So, the identities (sin \(^{2}\) θ + cos \(^{2}\) θ = 1) are required to reduce the given equation to a single function.



4. Find the general solutions of cos x + sin x = cos 2x + sin 2x

Solution:

cos x + sin x = cos 2x + sin 2x

⇒cos x - cos 2x - sin 2x + sin x = 0

⇒  (cos x - cos 2x) - (sin 2x - sin x) = 0

⇒  2 sin \(\frac{3x}{2}\) sin \(\frac{x}{2}\) - 2 cos \(\frac{3x}{2}\) sin \(\frac{x}{2}\) = 0

⇒  sin \(\frac{x}{2}\)  (sin \(\frac{3x}{2}\) - cos \(\frac{3x}{2}\)) = 0
 Therefore, either, sin \(\frac{x}{2}\) = 0         

⇒ \(\frac{x}{2}\)= nπ    

⇒ x = 2nπ

or, sin \(\frac{3x}{2}\) -  cos \(\frac{3x}{2}\) = 0

⇒ sin \(\frac{3x}{2}\) = cos \(\frac{3x}{2}\)

⇒ tan \(\frac{3x}{2}\) = 1

⇒ tan \(\frac{3x}{2}\) = tan \(\frac{π}{4}\)

⇒ \(\frac{3x}{2}\)= nπ + \(\frac{π}{4}\)

⇒ x = \(\frac{1}{3}\) (2nπ + \(\frac{π}{2}\)) = (4n + 1)\(\frac{π}{6}\)

Therefore, the general solutions of cos x + sin x = cos 2x + sin 2x are x = 2nπ and x = (4n+1)\(\frac{π}{6}\), Where, n = 0, ±1, ±2, …………………..


5. Find the general solutions of sin 4x cos 2x = cos 5x sin x

Solution:

sin 4x cos 2x = cos 5x sin x

⇒ 2 sin 4x cos 2x = 2 cos 5x sin x

⇒ sin 6x + sin 2x = sin 6x - sin 4x    

⇒ sin 2x + sin 4x =0

⇒ 2sin 3x cos x =0

Therefore, either, sin 3x = 0 or, cos x = 0

i.e., 3x = nπ or, x = (2n + 1)\(\frac{π}{6}\)

⇒ x = \(\frac{nπ}{3}\) or,  x = (2n + 1)\(\frac{π}{6}\)

Therefore, the general solutions of sin 4x cos 2x = cos 5x sin x are \(\frac{nπ}{3}\) and x = (2n + 1)\(\frac{π}{6}\)

11 and 12 Grade Math

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