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Definition of Remainder Theorem:
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and let α be any real number. If p(x) is divided by the polynomial (x - α), then the remainder is p(α).
In other words:
If the polynomial f(x) is divided by x - α then the remainder R is given by f(x) = (x - α) q(x) + R, where q(x) is the quotient and R is a constant (because the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor x - α).
Putting x = α, f(α) = (α - α)q(α) + R or f(α) = R
When the polynomial f(x) is divided by x - α, the remainder R = f(α) = value of f(x) when x is α.
Solved examples on Remainder Theorem:
1. Find the remainder when x3 + 3x2 + 3x +1 is divided by
(i) x + 1
(ii) x - 12
(iii) x
(iv) x + γ
(v) 5 + 2x
Solution:
(i) Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x +1, divisor is x +1
Then by the Remainder Theorem we get,
Remainder = f(-1)
= (-1)3 + 3(-1)2 + 3(-1) +1
= -1 + 3 - 3 + 1
= 0
(ii) Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x +1, divisor is x - 12
Then by the Remainder Theorem we get,
Remainder = f(12)
= (12)3 + 3(12)2 + 3(12) + 1
= 18 + 34 + 32 + 1
= 1+6+12+88
= 278
(iii) Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x +1, divisor is x i.e., x - 0
Then by the Remainder Theorem we get,
Remainder = f(0)
= 03 + 3 ∙ 02 + 3 ∙ 0 + 1
= 1
(iv) Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x +1, divisor is x + γ
Then by the Remainder Theorem we get,
Remainder = f(-γ)
= (-γ)3 + 3(-γ)2 + 3(-γ) +1
= -γ3 + 3γ2 - 3γ +1
(v) Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x +1, divisor is 5 + 2x
Then by the Remainder Theorem we get,
Remainder = f(-52)
= (-52)3 + 3(-52)2 + 3(-52) + 1
= −1258 + 754 - 152 + 1
= −125+150−60+88
= -278
2. If 3x2 - 7x + 11 is divided by x - 2 then find the remainder.
Solution:
Here p(x) = 3x2 - 7x + 11, divisor is x - 2
Therefore, remainder = p(2) [Taking x = 2 from x - 2 = 0]
= 3(2)2 - 7(2) + 11
= 12 - 14 + 11
= 9
● Factorization
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